Reference soil United States of America 26: Solonetz

US026

Solonetzes occur where a sodium source supplies the clay-rich subsoil with exchangeable Na, causing peptization of clay and organic substances and deterioration of the topsoil.

Characteristics

Soils having a natric horizon (a subsurface horizon with distinct higher clay content than the overlying horizon and more than 15% exchangeable sodium) within 100 cm from the soil surface.

Distribution of Solonetz (rough estimation supplied by soilgrids)

Reference soil US026: Solonetz

Classification

WRB 1998

Duri-Hyposalic- Solonetz (Hypercalcic Aridic)

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1988

FAO-UNESCO-ISRIC 1974

Duri-Calcic Solonetz

Orthic Solonetz saline

Local classification:	Chilcott silt loam

Other classification

USDA-NRCS (1999)	Natrargidic Natridurid aridic fine montmorillonitic mesic
USDA-SCS (1975)	Natrargidic Nadurargid aridic fine montmorillonitic mesic

Physical characteristics

Particle size distribution

Depth (cm)	Gravel % v/v	very coarse sand % w/w	coarse sand % w/w	medium sand % w/w	fine sand % w/w	very fine sand % w/w	Total sand % w/w	coarse silt % w/w	fine silt % w/w	Total silt % w/w	Clay % w/w
0-8	1	0.2	0.3	0.8	4	21.4	26.7	34	28.9	62.9	10.4
8-18	0	0.1	0.2	0.5	3.5	19	23.3	32.8	29.8	62.6	14.1
18-30	0	0	0.1	0.4	3.1	18.3	21.9	30.5	27.1	57.6	20.5
30-45	0	0.1	0.1	0.4	3	16.7	20.3	28.9	25.3	54.2	25.5
45-63	0	0.2	0.4	1	5.9	20.4	27.9	25.8	24.9	50.7	21.4
63-75	19	1.6	1.6	1.8	8.8	21.8	35.6	16.9	23.6	40.5	23.9
75-105	0	22.7	18.4	14.1	11.6	13.2	79.9	6.3	7.5	13.8	6.3
105-138	0	16.8	16.4	16.1	17.2	12.1	78.6	6.8	9	15.8	5.6
138-163	0	13.6	16	15.7	17.1	14.8	77.2	8	9.9	17.9	4.9

Water retention characteristics

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	Spec. Surf. Area m²/g	COLE cm/cm	Water disp. clay %	Clay % w/w
0-8	1.43	-	0.007	-	10.4
8-18	1.4	-	0.01	-	14.1
18-30	1.38	-	0.023	-	20.5
30-45	1.52	-	0.045	-	25.5
45-63	1.65	-	0.034	-	21.4
63-75	1.55	-	0.028	-	23.9
75-105	1.71	-	0.004	-	6.3
105-138	1.33	-	0.003	-	5.6
138-163	1.22	-	0.006	-	4.9

Other physical data

Depth (cm)	Bulk density kg/dm³	pF 0 % v/v	pF 1.0 % v/v	pF 1.5 % v/v	pF 2.0 % v/v	pF 2.3 % v/v	pF 2.7 % v/v	pF 3.4 % v/v	pF 4.2 % v/v
0-8	1.43	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7.4
8-18	1.4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7.6
18-30	1.38	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	10.4
30-45	1.52	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	13.7
45-63	1.65	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	13.9
63-75	1.55	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	16.8
75-105	1.71	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	12.8
105-138	1.33	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	11.8
138-163	1.22	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	14.7

Chemical data

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	pHKCl	EC 1: 2.5 dS/m	CaCO3 % w/w	C % w/w	N %	C / N	Exch. Acid cmol(c)/kg	Exch. Al cmol(c)/kg	Ca cmol(c)/kg	Mg cmol(c)/kg	K cmol(c)/kg	Na cmol(c)/kg	Sum Cations cmol(c)/kg
0-8	7.0	-	-	-	1.38	0.12	12	-	-	10.4	3.4	1.7	0.1	15.6
8-18	6.9	-	-	-	0.77	0.08	10	-	-	10.1	3.9	1.4	0.2	15.6
18-30	6.9	-	-	-	0.49	0.07	7	-	-	12.2	4.9	1.2	0.6	18.9
30-45	7.0	-	-	-	0.42	0.06	7	-	-	15.5	6.3	1.2	1.7	24.7
45-63	7.8	-	-	0	0.38	-	-	-	-	17.8	8.7	1.2	5.5	33.2
63-75	8.0	-	-	19	0.37	-	-	-	-	-	9.5	0.8	5.1	15.4
75-105	8.3	-	-	54	0.45	-	-	-	-	-	4.5	0.2	0.7	5.4
105-138	8.5	-	-	53	0.36	-	-	-	-	-	5.7	0.4	0.2	6.3
138-163	8.7	-	-	39	0.23	-	-	-	-	-	11.5	0.3	1.6	13.4

Depth (cm)	Base sat. %	CEC soil cmol(c)/kg	CEC clay cmol(c)/kg	CEC org cmol(c)/kg	ECEC cmol(c)/kg	Al sat. %	ESP %
0-8	87	15.1	145	4.8	-	-	1
8-18	86	15.3	109	2.7	-	-	1
18-30	86	18.8	92	1.7	-	-	3
30-45	88	23.8	93	1.5	-	-	7
45-63	99	27.5	129	1.3	-	-	20
63-75	-	24.5	103	1.3	-	-	21
75-105	-	7.9	125	1.6	-	-	9
105-138	-	9.4	168	1.3	-	-	2
138-163	-	20.9	427	0.8	-	-	8

Depth (cm)	pH NaF	P Retention %	ODOE	Al o % w/w	Si o % w/w	Fe d % w/w	Al d % w/w	Fe p % w/w	Al p % w/w	C p % w/w	Fe o % w/w
0-8	-	-	-	-	-	0.7	0.1	-	-	-	-
8-18	-	-	-	-	-	0.7	0.1	-	-	-	-
18-30	-	-	-	-	-	0.7	0.1	-	-	-	-
30-45	-	-	-	-	-	0.7	0.1	-	-	-	-
45-63	-	-	-	-	-	0.6	0.1	-	-	-	-
63-75	-	-	-	-	-	0.2	0	-	-	-	-
75-105	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	-	-	-	-
105-138	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	-	-	-	-
138-163	-	-	-	-	-	0.1	0	-	-	-	-

Depth (cm)	CaSO4.2H2O %	P Bray mg/kg	P Olsen mg/kg	pH CaCl2	clay_noncarbonate % w/w	clay_carbonate % w/w	phosphorus4 mg/kg	phosphorus1 mg/kg	total_sulfur % w/w
0-8	-	-	-	6.4	-	-	-	-	-
8-18	-	-	-	6.2	-	-	-	-	-
18-30	-	-	-	6.1	-	-	-	-	-
30-45	-	-	-	6.3	-	-	-	-	-
45-63	-	-	-	7.6	-	-	-	-	-
63-75	-	-	-	7.9	-	-	-	-	-
75-105	-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-
105-138	-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-
138-163	-	-	-	8	-	-	-	-	-

Clay mineralogy

Depth (cm)	Chlorite	Feldspar	Gibbsite	Goethite	Halloysite	Hematite	Kaolinite	Mica / illite	Mixed-layer	Quartz	Smec	Vermiculite
0-8	-	-	-	-	-	-	very weak	very weak to weak	-	-	-	-
30-45	-	-	-	-	-	-	very weak	weak to medium	-	-	weak to medium	-

Soluble sands

Depth (cm)	Ca mmol(c)/kg	Mg mmol(c)/kg	K mmol(c)/kg	Na mmol(c)/kg	sum cations mmol(c)/kg	CO3 mmol(c)/kg	HCO3 mmol(c)/kg	Cl mmol(c)/kg	NO3 mmol(c)/kg	SO4 mmol(c)/kg	sum anions mmol(c)/kg
45-63	9.5	5.9	0.5	33.9	49.8	0	2.8	35.4	0.3	8.1	46.6
63-75	17.4	9.1	0.4	37.2	64.1	0	1.4	44.2	0.5	12.5	58.6
75-105	5.6	2.5	0.3	5.9	14.3	0	2.1	9.7	0.1	1.4	13.3
105-138	1.7	0.9	0.3	1.0	3.9	0	2.4	0.5	0.1	0.6	3.6
138-163	0.8	0.8	0.1	3.1	4.8	0	2.9	0.3	0	1.2	4.4

Depth (cm)	Sodium ads. ratio	pH e	EC e dS/m	EC 1 : 5 dS/m
45-63	-	7.3	4.93	-
63-75	-	7.6	6.19	-
75-105	-	7.9	1.53	-
105-138	-	8.4	0.38	-
138-163	-	8.4	0.46	-

Profile description

Ah 0-8 cm	pale brown (10YR 6/3, dry) (dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)silt loam,weak very fine platy,slightly hard friable slightly sticky slightly plastic,many fine vesicular pores and many tubular pores,common very fine and fine roots,clear smooth boundary to,
E 8-18 cm	yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, dry) dark brown (10YR 3/3, moist)silt loam,weak very fine platy,slightly hard friable sticky plastic,many very fine tubular pores,common very fine and fine roots,clear smooth boundary to,
BA 18-31 cm	brown (10YR 5/3, dry) (dark) brown (10YR 4/3, moist)silt loam,weak very fine prismatic parting to weak fine subangular blocky,hard friable sticky plastic,many very fine fine tubular pores,common very fine and fine common coarse roots,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Bt1 31-46 cm	(10YR 6/5, dry) brown (10YR 5/3, moist)silty clay loam,weak fine and medium prismatic parting to strong fine and medium angular blocky,very hard firm sticky plastic,broken clay on pedfaces cutans,many very fine fine tubular pores,few very fine and fine roots,few channels,clear smooth boundary to,
Bt2 46-64 cm	very pale brown (10YR 7/3, dry) dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, moist)silty clay loam,moderate fine and medium subangular blocky,very hard firm sticky plastic,patchy clay on pedfaces cutans,many very fine fine tubular pores,few very fine roots,few channels,clear wavy boundary to,
Bqkm1 64-76 cm	light grey (10YR 7/2, dry) pale brown (10YR 6/3, moist)massive,extremely hard very firm,patchy clay on pedfaces cutans,few very fine fine tubular pores,strongly cemented duripan pans,strongly calcareous 10% HCl,clear wavy boundary to,
Bqkm2 76-107 cm	pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2, dry) very pale brown (10YR 7/3, moist)strong coarse and very coarse platy,few medium cylindrical hard calcareous unspecified inclusions,strongly cemented duripan pans,strongly calcareous 10% HCl,abrupt smooth boundary to,
Bqkmz 107-140 cm	white (10YR 8/2, dry) very pale brown (10YR 7/3, moist)moderate medium and coarse platy,frequent large cylindrical hard calcareous unspecified inclusions,strongly cemented duripan pans,strongly calcareous 10% HCl,gradual wavy boundary to,
Bkz 140-165 cm	white (10YR 8/2, dry) very pale brown (10YR 8/3, moist)massive,common fine tubular pores,strongly cemented pans,strongly calcareous 10% HCl,

Kind 1 (parent material) ; Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology and composition
Kind 2 (parent material) (second entry); Parker (eds), 1984	mixed lithology and composition
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material	eolian loess
Mode of accumulation or deposition of parent material (second entry)	fluvial
Texture of parent material (second entry)	loamy

Altitude	1133m
Regional landform; McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F. et all, 1984; Australian soil and land survey Field Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne.	plateau
Slope	1%
Slope Aspect	south
Topography; Guidelines for soil description - Fourth edition (FAO, Rome, 2006)	flat or almost flat

Drainage class ; FAO (2006) - Guidelines for soil description	well
Estimated permeability (class) of least permeable part of the profile	slow

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Reference soil United States of America 26: Solonetz

Characteristics

Reference soil US026: Solonetz

Classification